Assisi by Norman MacCaig - Literature Review

The piteous image of the dwarf is expanded in the lines 'tiny twisted legs from which/Sawdust might run'. In fact, in these two lines alone, MacCaig employs a myriad of techniques to develop the image of the dwarf's worthlessness: lexical choice of 'twisted', which not only suggests pain and functional ineptitude but has connotations of inversion and corruption, which also intimates to the central theme of the poem; the use of consonance on the hard 't', used to promote an emotional response of unease; and enjambment on 'Sawdust', highlighting his objectification of the dwarf. The metaphor is extended from the previous line and is intended to dehumanise the dwarf, characterising him as an insentient article, and stripping him of human quality.A dry, sarcastic tone is adopted by MacCaig in the next line. He describes the 'three tiers of churches built" to show how elaborate the Church is and to highlight the irony of such a pitiful creature being in such a grandiose setting. We are also told that the church is built "In Vakantie Assisi honour of St. Francis". St Francis was a humble man, who would not have cared for opulent cathedrals being built in his name. He surrendered such riches to help people like the dwarf, therefore the fact that he sits outside hungry and destitute is deeply ironic. Other techniques are employed by the poet to emphasise this. For example, the enjambement of this line highlights the large scale of the building. Similarly, MacCaig changes the expected syntax of the last line of this stanza "Of not being dead yet" to emphasize the irony. This inversion also reflects inequality and injustice, whilst simultaneously perpetuating a disconcerting tone.In the second stanza, we are introduced to the priest who is conducting a guided tour of Giotto's frescoes inside the church. This is poignant because it illustrates the corruption prevalent in the Church. The frescoes were originally commissioned to teach the poor the stories from the Bible. In Assisi, they are being used as a source for capital gain, and not for spiritual development, as was their original purpose. The priest's role has been diverted from that of a spiritual guide, to that of a tour guide and MacCaig uses a self-deprecating tone in this stanza to underline the palpable hypocrisy. He also reveals his contempt for a social duality; that great riches and great poverty often exists side by side. This is evident from the lines "... I understood/The explanation and/The cleverness". Enjambement is used by MacCaig to great effect here, showing his contempt for the priest's neglect, and by extension, society's neglect.In the final stanza, MacCaig uses other techniques to explore the main themes. Firstly, he uses an extended metaphor the priest as a farmer. He describes a "rush" of tourists "clucking contentedly". The word "rush" connotes an absence of deliberation, suggesting that the tourists are unaware of the irony of the situation. The use of the alliteration and onomatopoeia alludes to the tourists being simple-minded and unthinking, like chickens. The metaphor is extended by describing the tourists as "fluttering", conjuring an image of them blindly following the priest, ignorant of any hypocrisy. Another technique used by MacCaig to reflect the main themes is also used here: "...