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With no past medical or family history of note, he was scheduled for neurosurgical intervention via burr holes under general anaesthesia. Prior to the operation, his Glasgow Coma Score was 15/15 and he was alert and oriented. The patient was in good general health, normotensive, and had no regular medications or known drug allergies. A total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) technique was chosen, as is usual for such cases in our institution. Before induction of anaesthesia, we instituted standard monitoring according to guidelines published by the Association [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/fg-4592.html click here] of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. A BIS Quattro sensor (Covidien LLC, Mansfield, USA) was also applied to the forehead on the non-pathological side and connected to a BIS ��VISTA�� monitor (Covidien LLC, Mansfield, USA). Target-controlled infusions of propofol (3?g/ml) and remifentanil (3ng/ml) were used to induce unconsciousness. To maintain normotension, a 4mg/h infusion of metaraminol was simultaneously started. Once the BIS value had fallen to 60, a 40mg dose of atracurium was given to facilitate tracheal intubation. During this period cardiovascular stability was maintained as measured by pulse rate and regular (every 2.5m) NIBP readings. The patient was prepared for the operating theatre and transferred into the operating room, where we noticed that the BIS value had dramatically fallen to 04 with an almost isoelectric real-time EEG reading. This triggered the anaesthetist to immediately re-measure [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Perifosine.html KRX-0401 ic50] the NIBP, which revealed a blood pressure of 44/26. Possible anaphylaxis to atracurium was suspected. Immediate treatment was initiated with 250ml 0.9% saline, 6mg ephedrine and 0.5mg of metaraminol IV, whilst adrenaline was prepared. These interim measures were enough to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine Quetiapine] restore the blood pressure and BIS back to their expected values, and in the event no adrenaline was administered. Subsequent acute care included institution of invasive blood pressure monitoring, and treatment with hydrocortisone 100mg, chlorphenamine 10mg, and ranitidine 50mg IV. Moderate flushing and urticaria became evident some 15 minutes after the onset of the hypotension, however the patient remained otherwise stable and the rest of surgery and recovery were uneventful. Blood samples for mast-cell tryptase were taken as per local guidelines. Timeline Figure 1 below illustrates the timeline of the case. Anaesthetic induction occurs at 0940. The period of low BIS and hypotension is encircled in dashed green. The subsequent rise in BIS was coincident with restoration of normotension. Figure 1. BIS Vista display illustrating the timeline and BIS trend during the period of hypotension. Diagnosis and follow up The patient had an uncomplicated post-operative recovery and was discharged and sent home. He was referred to the immunology clinic for follow-up allergy testing. | |||
Revision as of 18:47, 30 September 2016
With no past medical or family history of note, he was scheduled for neurosurgical intervention via burr holes under general anaesthesia. Prior to the operation, his Glasgow Coma Score was 15/15 and he was alert and oriented. The patient was in good general health, normotensive, and had no regular medications or known drug allergies. A total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) technique was chosen, as is usual for such cases in our institution. Before induction of anaesthesia, we instituted standard monitoring according to guidelines published by the Association click here of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. A BIS Quattro sensor (Covidien LLC, Mansfield, USA) was also applied to the forehead on the non-pathological side and connected to a BIS ��VISTA�� monitor (Covidien LLC, Mansfield, USA). Target-controlled infusions of propofol (3?g/ml) and remifentanil (3ng/ml) were used to induce unconsciousness. To maintain normotension, a 4mg/h infusion of metaraminol was simultaneously started. Once the BIS value had fallen to 60, a 40mg dose of atracurium was given to facilitate tracheal intubation. During this period cardiovascular stability was maintained as measured by pulse rate and regular (every 2.5m) NIBP readings. The patient was prepared for the operating theatre and transferred into the operating room, where we noticed that the BIS value had dramatically fallen to 04 with an almost isoelectric real-time EEG reading. This triggered the anaesthetist to immediately re-measure KRX-0401 ic50 the NIBP, which revealed a blood pressure of 44/26. Possible anaphylaxis to atracurium was suspected. Immediate treatment was initiated with 250ml 0.9% saline, 6mg ephedrine and 0.5mg of metaraminol IV, whilst adrenaline was prepared. These interim measures were enough to Quetiapine restore the blood pressure and BIS back to their expected values, and in the event no adrenaline was administered. Subsequent acute care included institution of invasive blood pressure monitoring, and treatment with hydrocortisone 100mg, chlorphenamine 10mg, and ranitidine 50mg IV. Moderate flushing and urticaria became evident some 15 minutes after the onset of the hypotension, however the patient remained otherwise stable and the rest of surgery and recovery were uneventful. Blood samples for mast-cell tryptase were taken as per local guidelines. Timeline Figure 1 below illustrates the timeline of the case. Anaesthetic induction occurs at 0940. The period of low BIS and hypotension is encircled in dashed green. The subsequent rise in BIS was coincident with restoration of normotension. Figure 1. BIS Vista display illustrating the timeline and BIS trend during the period of hypotension. Diagnosis and follow up The patient had an uncomplicated post-operative recovery and was discharged and sent home. He was referred to the immunology clinic for follow-up allergy testing.