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, 2001, 2007; Freeman et al., 2002; Rector et al., 2005; Kesting and Lincoln, 2013). In order to obtain a robust evidence base, these models need to be tested by different methodologies including epidemiological studies (Krabbendam et al., 2002; Fowler et al., 2006), experimental data with healthy controls, or clinical samples (Kesting et al., 2013), as well as longitudinal data from clinical samples like the study presented in this article. Negative Symptoms Cognitive models of negative symptoms (Rector et al., 2005) as well as the psychotherapeutic rationale (Staring et al., 2013) rely on defeatist beliefs and negative self-concepts. Most studies use measures of defeatist attitudes and expectancies such as measured by the dysfunctional attitude scale (Beck et al., 2013). In our study, negative MAPK inhibitor symptoms were associated concurrently with self-concepts as predicted by the cognitive model of negative symptoms. Contrary to our expectation, self-concept at pre-treatment did not predict negative symptoms after 12 months. The construct of negative symptoms has been stable, thus there was change in individuals and in the mean, but relative low change in the individual residuals. However, the longitudinal analysis did not support an influence, like found in first-episode patients (Palmier-Claus et al., 2011a). As in our study the time between t0 and t1 was 12 months, multiple causation might have influenced negative symptoms Megestrol Acetate as well as self-concepts during this period. selleck The variance in our sample is limited due to the inclusion criteria; this might have limited the covariances as well. For further research a shorter duration of measurement intervals is supposed to test. Neurocognition As hypothesized, neurocognitive functioning at baseline predicted positive self-concept after 12 months. Yet, self-concepts are not in the focus of interest in research on neurocognition in people with psychosis. In the general population there is strong evidence that people can estimate their cognitive abilities well (Freund and Kasten, 2012). Our findings support the scar model. Possibly service-users perceive the loss of memory function and processing speed during the course of the disorder and integrate them in a negative self-concept. In concurrent analyses of people with schizophrenia, defeatist beliefs operated as a mediator between neurocognitive impairments and negative symptoms (Grant and Beck, 2009). These results demonstrate the importance of functional illness-concepts. In a cross-sectional model of visual perception, social cognition, and social functioning the same mediating effect of negative beliefs about the self was found (Green et al., 2012). It is plausible that more negative self-concepts may lead to negative symptoms due to the perception of neurocognitive deficits and maladaptive illness-concepts.