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For one thing, even when risk drinking results in positive odds ratios for alcohol-related harm, the absolute risks of harm are often quite small. I think the natural human tendency towards denial leads us to think that we will be among the majority of people who do not experience alcohol-related harm, even if we engage in a few heavy-drinking occasions. I think that there may be some preventive value in making normative data widely available, to counter the perception on the part of some heavy drinkers that their drinking is typical. This would be another example of the potential power of web-based educational materials. I also think that we could enable people to monitor their intake more accurately if, like some other countries, we required beverage labels to indicate the ethanol content by volume RVX-208 and the number of standard drink units in the container in question. Most people have no idea of the extent to which ethanol content varies between and within beverage types, i.e. the fact that malt liquor can contain twice as much alcohol as light beer, or that an Australian table wine can contain twice as much alcohol as a sparking Italian wine. A: Drinking during pregnancy? DD: It is interesting that in the United States our beliefs about drinking during pregnancy are more restrictive than those in many European countries, whereas our attitude towards driving after having a drink or two is far more permissive. This suggests that HER2 inhibitor low-risk drinking norms can be internalized at the societal level, which makes me hopeful about the long-term possibilities for behavioral and attitudinal BMS-777607 cost changes related to low-risk drinking practices. I admit to having no real understanding of the process through which this occurs, but I must assume that the media would play a critical role in first delivering and then reinforcing messages about consequences of heavy drinking. Obviously, it is incumbent upon research organizations to ensure that their findings are delivered to the public and not just to other researchers or policy makers. A: In an ideal world in which information about risk drinking was disseminated and applied universally and discussed openly, might such information have altered your brother's drinking and its outcome? DD: I think that my brother's drinking problems were well established before he was mature enough to make good use of risk drinking information, but I still wish that from an early age he had been made aware of his family history of alcoholism and the extent to which it increased his risk of alcohol problems. I also wish he had known that a low level of response to alcohol is a marker of increased risk and not a protective factor. I think this is an area where there is widespread public misunderstanding, among adults as well as among youth. I also feel that he would have benefited from routine school-based screening starting at least as early as middle school.